Practy
French conjugation practice

Plus-que-parfait - Past Perfect

The plus-que-parfait (pluperfect) describes actions that happened before another past action. It's formed using the imparfait of the auxiliary verb (avoir/être) plus the past participle. It is used for:

  • Actions completed before another past action
  • Past habits that had occurred repeatedly
  • Third conditional if-clauses ("If I had known...")
  • Expressing regret about the past
  • Reported speech for actions already completed
  • Background information in storytelling

Formation

Imparfait of auxiliary (avoir/être) + past participle

Regular Past Participles

Verb Type Ending Example
-er verbs -é parler → parlé
-ir verbs -i finir → fini
-re verbs -u vendre → vendu

Common Examples

Each one is the imperfect of the auxiliary with its own participle.

Subject avoir être faire
je avais eu avais été avais fait
tu avais eu avais été avais fait
il/elle/on avait eu avait été avait fait
nous avions eu avions été avions fait
vous aviez eu aviez été aviez fait
ils/elles avaient eu avaient été avaient fait

The imperfect of avoir carries the person: j'avais eu.

avoir in Plus-Que-Parfait

être takes avoir here as well: j'avais été.

être in Plus-Que-Parfait

faire holds the same participle, whatever the tense around it.

faire in Plus-Que-Parfait

Note: With non-reflexive être verbs, the past participle agrees with the subject in gender and number.

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